Motivation And Its Effect On The Classroom - 967 Words

True motivation comes from deep within our psyche. Using rewards in the classroom is something I always thought was teaching, or in some cases reinforcing, bad habits for our students. I firmly believe the motivation must be intrinsic to be sustainable. Extrinsic motivation is great in the short term, but my concern for students is what happens when that external motivator is inevitably removed. After observing two teachers, both of whom use some type of reward system in their respective classrooms, I have come to realize my view was quite narrow and that in small doses, extrinsic motivation has it merits. Using rewards does not instantly erase all forms of internal motivation if used properly, and can even bolster a student’s internal motivation over time as the rewards are gradually reduced. M. Henley (2010) wrote, â€Å"not all educators agree that extrinsic rewards undermines intrinsic motivation. However, the evidence dictates that teachers should carefully consider the unintended negative consequences of using incentive to motivate students† (p118). External tactics can be used to teach intrinsic motivation if done thoughtfully. Two such examples of effective use of rewards to drive internal motivation and encourage positive behavior exist at Henley High School. Both of the classrooms in which I observed use a reward system, but how they use these rewards looks very different. Mrs. W is a special education teacher and found the use of rewards to beShow MoreRelatedThe Family And Classroom Education Effect On Students Learning Motivation Focus On My Own Life1230 Words   |  5 Pageschildren s first teachers, they gradual clearly recognize the fundamental and pilot role of family education. Students also spend lots of time in their classrooms, teachers an d their classmates effect on learning environment and motivation. In this paper, I will analysis the family and classroom education effect on students’ learning motivation focus on my own life. The most influential microsystem for my childhood is my family. My parents found out I am interested in swimming, so they decidedRead MoreClassroom Climate Is The Focus Of Education Issues921 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigation about classroom climate is the focus of education issues. Large number of educators are exploring through a variety of disciplinary perspectives and diverse research methods. With the arrival of technology and the ecological trend of educational development, classroom climate is becoming a new perspective and path of classroom study. In the Article Exploring the Relationship between Classroom Climate, Reading Motivation, and Achievement: A Look into 7th Grade Classrooms, the authors MucherahRead MoreMotivating Student Motivation For Students1620 Words   |  7 PagesMotivating students in the classroom can be challenging, especially for Special Education students in an inclusion classroom. Due to the gap between a special education student’s inde pendence level and current grade level, it is difficult for special education students to retain motivation throughout instruction. In efforts to determine how student motivation can be continuous, additional technology support was created to be implemented in an inclusion classroom. The purpose of this action researchRead MoreResearch Based Benefits Of Play Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesphysically, emotionally, and academically. In an article on play, Wheatley (2011), found research that stated children in more play-oriented classroom were just as successful at problem solving skills as those in traditional classrooms from Smith and Simon (1984) (located in Zigler, Singer, Bishop-Josef, 2004, p. 70). These children in play-oriented classrooms also had more problem solving ideas. Another research done by Hart, Charlesworth, Burts DeWold (1993) (located in Zigler, Singer, Bishop-JosefRead MoreThe Motivation Of The Deaf1463 Words   |  6 Pagesschedule and researchers about th e motivation of the deaf in the classroom. The literature review aimed at highlighting on motivational theories that have been over the years in most educational systems to motivate both the hearing and the hearing-impaired learners. The issues discussed are the study objectives, and they are categorized under; Main review, summary, theoretical and conceptual frameworks. 2.2 Main review Almost all motivation theorists believe that motivation is required for the performanceRead MoreMotivation for Students in the Classroom1484 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction As educators we need to constantly strive to maximize the potential of our students. In my opinion one of the most effective ways to maximize learning is to motivate in the classroom. Even though most educators would agree that motivation in the classroom is an effective strategy to maximize learning as a whole we do not emphasize and use this strategy enough. There are several reasons why educators do not take advantage of this good teaching strategy; some of these reasons areRead MoreEffect Of An Augmented Reality Enhanced Mathematics Lesson On Student Achievement And Motivation By Anne Estapa804 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch article, titled, The Effect of an Augmented Reality Enhanced Mathematics Lesson on Student Achievement and Motivation by Anne Estapa and Larysa Nadolny from Iowa State University, was written with the goal of examining more closely the effect of Augmented Reality-based lessons on student achievement and student motivation in a high school math class. Inve stigating this question is important because with more and more available technology to use in the classroom, it is essential to examineRead MoreImpact Of Student Motivation And Student Engagement1520 Words   |  7 PagesStudent Motivation and Student Engagement According to Legault and Green-Demers (2006), one of the most salient academic problems beleaguering today’s students is a lack of motivation toward learning. While education is compulsory, and educators work diligently to create and implement academically appropriate lessons, students, year after year, lack the desire and motivation to participate in academic tasks required to prepare them for the 21st-century world. The lack of student motivation can leadRead MoreThe Classroom Management Is Defined As A Person Controlling And Directing The Affairs Of Certain Circumstances Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesimmediate think of our classrooms. In Child Development McDevitt mentions, â€Å"Classroom Management refers to the skills and strategies that teachers use to organize instruction and maximize the productive use of their instructional time’ (McDevitt, 2008, 408). Educational Psychology Moreno states, â€Å"In a well-managed classroom, students’ behaviors r arely interfere with achievement of instructional objects† (Moreno, 2011, 408). Classroom management helps to enhance a well-organized classroom with effectiveRead MoreARCS Model1616 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation in the Elementary Math Class: Implementing the ARCS Model of Instruction Student motivation has been acknowledged by scholars as a key component linked to academic success and a continuing challenge for educators (Keller, 2010 Murray, 2011). In fact, Linder, Smart and Cribbs (2015) cite motivation as being essential for student success in mathematical tasks. â€Å"Motivation refers broadly to what people desire, what they choose to do, and what they commit to do† (Keller, 2010, p.). It is

Short Biography of Hugo de Vries

Hugo Marie de Vries was born on February 16, 1848, to Maria Everardina Reuvens and Djur Gerrit de Vries in Haarlem, The Netherlands. His father was a lawyer who later went on to serve as the Prime Minister of The Netherlands in the 1870s. As a young child, Hugo quickly found a love of plants and even won several awards for his botany projects while he attended school in Haarlem and The Hauge. de Vries decided to pursue a degree in botany from Leiden University. While studying at the college, Hugo became intrigued by experimental botany and Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution and Natural Selection. He graduated in 1870 from Leiden University with a Doctorate in botany. He taught for a short time before attending Heidelberg University to study Chemistry and Physics. However, that adventure only lasted only  about a semester before he went off to Wurzberg to study plant growth. He went back to teaching botany, geology, and zoology in Amsterdam for several years while returning to Wurzburg on his vacations to continue his work with plant growth. Personal Life In 1875, Hugo de Vries moved to Germany where he worked and published his findings on plant growth. It was while he was living there that he met and married Elisabeth Louise Egeling in 1878. They returned to Amsterdam where Hugo was hired as a lecturer at the University of Amsterdam. It was not long before he was elected as a member of the Royal Academy of the Arts and Sciences. In 1881, he was given full professorship in botany. Hugo and Elisabeth had a total of four children - one daughter and three sons. Biography Hugo de Vries is best known for his work in the field of genetics as the subject was in its so-called infancy stages. Gregor Mendels findings were not well known at the time, and de Vries had come up with some very similar data that could be put together with Mendels laws to create a more fully developed picture of genetics. In 1889, Hugo de Vries hypothesized that his plants had what he called pangenes. Pangenes are what is now known as genes and they carried the genetic information from one generation to the next. In 1900, after Gregor Mendel published his findings from working with pea plants, de Vries saw that Mendel had discovered the same things he had seen in his plants as he wrote his book. Since de Vries did not have Gregor Mendels work as a starting point for his experiments, he instead relied on writings by Charles Darwin who hypothesized how traits were passed down from parents to offspring generation after generation. Hugo decided that the characteristics were transmitted via some sort of particle that was given to the offspring by the parents. This particle was dubbed a pangene and the name was later shortened by other scientists to just gene. In addition to discovering genes, de Vries also focused on how species changed because of those genes. Even though his mentors, while he was at University and worked in labs, did not buy into the Theory of Evolution as written by Darwin, Hugo was a big fan of Darwins work. His decision to incorporate the idea of evolution and a change in species over time into his own thesis for his doctorate was met with a lot of resistance by his professors. He ignored their pleas to remove that part of his thesis and successfully defended his ideas. Hugo de Vries explained that the species changed over time most likely through changes, which he called mutations, in genes. He saw these differences in wild forms of evening primrose and used this as evidence to prove that species did change as Darwin said, and probably on a much quicker timeline than what Darwin had theorized. He became famous in his life due to this theory and revolutionized the way people thought about Darwins Theory of Evolution. Hugo de Vries retired from active teaching in 1918 and moved to his large estate where he continued to work in his large garden and study the plants he grew there, coming up with different discoveries he published. Hugo de Vries died on March 21, 1935, in Amsterdam.

Diversitys Impact on Organizations - 1630 Words

Abstract Diversity must be created and maintained with in organizations. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of diversity onto an organization in addition to explaining the legally mandated and stakeholder driven explanations for mandatory diversity. Diversity’s Impact on Organizations Diversity within an organization is a blending of people from various cultural, religious and ethnic backgrounds. Diversity has challenged organizations to set realistic goals for its leaders as well as its employees. The organization must look at the moral, ethical and social responsibilities it has toward its employees and understand their legal obligations set by laws. It is important for†¦show more content†¦Gender The number of women entering the workforce has increased over the years. To reap the benefits of gender diversity and create an inclusive workplace organizations are developing flexible employment approaches. Flexible employment approaches include arrangements that allow job sharing so that employees are better able to care for their children or flexible employment conditions such as flextime that give employees input into the length and scheduling of their workweek. With the increase in gender diversity, organizatio ns have developed sexual harassment training supported by top management. This training includes: defining quid pro quo, what hostile environments are, providing examples of types of behaviors that are prohibited and describing disciplinary actions that will be taken in instances of sexual harassment. Education Today employees’ educational backgrounds vary considerably; this has led organizations to enhance their training and development programs. â€Å"Functional illiteracy the ability to handle basic reading, math, and arithmetic is a serious problem at work (Dessler, 2002).† Employers are responding in two ways. First more organizations are testing job candidates’ basic skills and secondly more organizations are setting up basic skills and literacy programs. â€Å"For example, Smith and Wesson instituted a comprehensive program. A literacy audit revealedShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Behaviour the Pros and Cons.1634 Words   |  7 Pagesgender (Baytos and Delatte, 1993). Second, determine the needs of the organization. By asking certain questions, an organization can determine its needs based on its culture and resources (U.S. MSPB, 1993). Does the organization have trouble retaining employees who would add to its diversity? In an organization with diversity, which, if any, areas of the workforce are being treated inappropriately? Has the organization impressed upon its leaders and managers the benefits that come from managingRead MoreOrganizational Diversity At The Workplace1355 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational Diversity in the Workplace I. Introduction: Today, more and more organizations are moving towards the analysis of how to implement diversity as a core value. For an organization to hold people accountable for diversity expectations, leaders must implement, have a clear understanding, and practice diversity policies and procedures (Williams, 2013). By outlining a foundation together with a lateral approach leaders can encourage diversity understanding (Williams, 2013). KnowledgeableRead MoreDiversity1392 Words   |  6 Pagesladder is challenging. In fact, retaining women and minorities in the workplace has become increasingly harder for large companies, especially healthcare organizations. Despite the clear value of having a diverse workforce, like increased innovation, improved financial stats, and enhanced organizational performance, reputation, healthcare organizations are still struggling to attract and retain minorities and women in leadership roles. A multicultural workforce is always a good source of various insightsR ead MoreBenefits Of Diversity And Inclusion1657 Words   |  7 Pagestopics in today’s business world. While treating individuals fairly and equally is a social imperative, it is also extremely important to the success of a business. With the changing demographics of society and its affect on the American workforce, organizations must truly embrace diversity and inclusion. â€Å"For companies to succeed in the global marketplace, they must make the most of the full range of their people. Companies must attract and retain the right skills, the best minds, all the required resourcesRead MoreBus520 Week 3 Assignment Bus 520 Week 3 Assignment2882 Words   |  12 Pagesvideo titled â€Å"Diversity’s real power† (2 min 6 s) from Management Tips with Todd Dewett, located at  http://www.lynda.com/Business-Business-Skills-tutorials/Diversitys-real-power/126132/174433-4.html?org=strayer.edu. Investigate two to three (2-3) reasons why diversity is important to an orga nization’s success. Speculate on the major potential ramifications to an organization if said organization does not practice diversity management. * Analyze the manner in which job satisfaction impacts both individualRead MoreThe Impact of Diversity Programs on Job Satisfaction from the Employees Perspective: an Empirical Examination.2100 Words   |  9 PagesThe impact of diversity programs on job satisfaction from the employee’s perspective: An empirical examination. Mary White-Burt Argosy University The impact of diversity programs on job satisfaction from the employee’s perspective: An empirical examination. Over the past few decades the buzz word for many organizations has been diversity. The term is not limited to one industry or country. The literature that was obtained specifically impacted the federal government, education system andRead MoreDiversity At Workplace Diversity Within The Workplace3281 Words   |  14 Pagesand across the globe which has impacts on the workplace (Baum et al., 2007). According to Ozbilgin (2008), diversity is one of the top global issues and requires management attention. There are both benefits and challenges in managing diversity. However, Golnaz and Hoa (2002) stated that most organizations agree that diversity is a reality and while managing the same, it can be either an asset or a hindrance towards goals (Gleason 2004). Diversity helps the organization become proactive and flexibleRead MoreGender Diversity Case Study2730 Words   |  11 Pagesis particularly true when the gender diversity is represented in the composition of the board of directors as it enhances the board’s effectiveness, performance and governance (Campbel and Minguez-Vera, 2011; Gul et al., 2011) However, gender diversitys effects are conditional on the existence of an appropriate strategic orientation and a supportive organizational culture.(Dwyer et al.,2003) For this reason, and to make full use of their female workforce, organisations are now offering supportiveRead MoreDiversity Management1955 Words   |  8 Pagesimperatives: †¢ Recruitment and retention programs that reflect how demographic trends will impact the labor market in the near future †¢ A culture of inclusion that allows and encourages all employees to contribute in different ways †¢ An understanding that cognitively diverse organizations often outperform those drawing on homogeneous talent bases †¢ The personal responsibility of everyone throughout the organization, not just those with assigned diversity responsibilities †¢ A commitment to fairnessRead MoreDiversity Management1945 Words   |  8 Pagesimperatives: †¢ Recruitment and retention programs that reflect how demographic trends will impact the labor market in the near future †¢ A culture of inclusion that allows and encourages all employees to contribute in different ways †¢ An understanding that cognitively diverse organizations often outperform those drawing on homogeneous talent bases †¢ The personal responsibility of everyone throughout the organization, not just those with assigned diversity responsibilities †¢ A commitment to fairness and

Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values Free Essays

string(53) " forces where such a need exists \(Davidson, 2012\)\." Abstract Recent years have seen an increase in humanitarian interventions which have involved military operations. However is it feasible that the two operations, military and humanitarian are compatibleThis paper investigates whether this is the case and, to do so, assesses military force in terms of the values which underpin humanitarianism. This paper utilises a case study from the Libyan conflict to assess whether there is a politicised nature in the push for military led humanitarian operations, and examines whether there is a political undertone in the increased usage of military forces. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is argued that this undertone serves to undermine the possibility that military forces can promote humanitarian Introduction For several decades, humanitarian intervention has been a factor in military operations. This paper examines whether military forces can promote the values of humanitarianism during aid operations. To do so this paper will examine a number of elements and seeks to define humanitarianism. In doing so, the question of what role military forces can play is considered. This includes, for example, where military forces are deployed to affected regions or states and the role which they have been asked to conduct. This paper investigates whether the underlying aims of military forces are compatible with that of humanitarianism. This paper argues that they are not and that recent years have seen developments where military action has been wrongly justified on the grounds of humanitarian intervention. What is Humanitarianism? The concept of humanitarian intervention which utilises military force can be classed as a subjective one. Whilst some commentator’s class military led humanitarian interventions as being â€Å"the use of military force to protect foreign populations from mass atrocities or gross human rights abuses† (Waxman, 2013), others such as Marjanovic (2012) define the action as being â€Å"a state using military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is ending human-rights violations being perpetrated by the state against which it is directed†. Yet despite the subjectivity, there is a series of components which can be extracted from these various definitions. These components include: a form of war or conflict, the potential that non-combatants will be negatively affected by this conflict; and where human rights abuses are considered to be taking place In essence, there are a number of factors which should be present when military led humanitarian assistance is being considered. Weiss (2012: 1) argues that there is an underlying notion of a â€Å"responsibility to protect† and that this has a tendency to dominate modern geo-political thinking, but instead it is arguable that the global community can be accused of cherry picking where it seeks to intervene. Weiss had previously argued that any intervention should incorporate aspects of post conflict redevelopment programming (Minear Weiss, 1995), yet since the perpetuation of military led humanitarian interventions, he has reconsidered his perspective to argue that such actions should now constitute â€Å"activities undertaken to improve the human condition† (Weiss, 2012: 1). This latter inclusion indicates that the shift in conflict dynamics, from one which is largely based on conventional warfare to the usage of non-state actors and combatants in an asymmetric confl ict zone has been a party to Weiss’s new perspective. Where values are considered, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2013) argue that these incorporate aspects of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence. Essentially, therefore, it can be argued that where military forces are deployed to support humanitarian operations that it is essential they act according to these guiding principles. Role of the Military in Humanitarian Interventions Recent years, particularly since the end of the Cold War (Pattison, 2010), have seen military operations to support humanitarian interventions in a number of collapsed or failed states. These include, but are not limited to, Iraq, post-Gulf War One (1991 – 2003), Bosnia – Serbia (1995), Kosovo (1999), East Timor (1999) Somalia (2002), Haiti (2004), and Libya (2011) whilst other humanitarian interventions which have required military assistance can be considered to have taken place in post conflict Iraq and Afghanistan (Pattison, 2010). Weiss (2012) argues that the concept of humanitarian intervention has increased the potential for interventions into states in order to protect non-combatants from conflict. Contrary to this, the earlier reference to cherry picking provides a casing point when the political discourse which took place at the United Nations (UN) Security Council in relation to the ongoing conflict in Syria can be considered to be a case where the window o f opportunity for intervention has now closed, particularly since this conflict has led to the involvement of Islamic State and the Kurdish Peshmerga (Dagher, 2014). Increase in Military led Humanitarian Operations As stated, recent decades, particularly since the end of the Cold War, have seen a rise in the numbers of ethnically charged conflicts and where humanitarian interventions have been considered as necessary (Kaldor, 1998). In a review of this era, Kaldor noted that there had been a change in the dynamics of conflict and that the underpinning issue was of a series of belligerents and combatants which were not constrained by international regulations, such as the Geneva Convention protocols, Laws of Armed Conflict or relevant United Nations Charters (Kaldor, 1998). This changed dynamics has perpetuated and has spread to a number of conflict zones around the world, but has also seen a rise in the usage of conventional forces to support non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Similarly, Christoplos, Longley, and Slaymaker (2004) also noted a changed emphasis in humanitarian aid provision during this era. They argued that the underpinning programmes have been utilised to create a tripartite system of humanitarianism which incorporates rehabilitation (for both state and society), development of state and social infrastructures and relief programmes which provide for maintaining civil society during crisis periods. This particular perspective reinforces a belief that military interventions can help NGOs deliver aid by providing security (Seybolt, 2007). Nevertheless the incorporation of military activity into this mix has also resulted in a further complication since military operations deploy to aid zones with a preposition of maintaining operational security. This includes the potential for combating belligerent forces where such a need exists (Davidson, 2012). You read "Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values?" in category "Essay examples" Stability Operations Global Humanitarian Assistance (GHA) (2013) argues that the first decade of the twenty first century has seen a near trebling of military support for NGOs in countries which have been affected by war, natural disaster or where the state infrastructure has been affected sufficiently that it is unable to assist with recovery programmes. GHA also note that peacekeeping operations have increased at a similar rate, particular in the years discussed earlier by Kaldor (1998) to the present day. UK military doctrine emphasises that any military activities which has a humanitarian focus should incorporate stability operations (Ministry of Defence, 2011). In clarifying this position, the UK Ministry of Defence added that: â€Å"The peacekeeper fulfils a mandate with the strategic consent of the main warring parties, allowing a degree of freedom to fulfil its task in an impartial manner, while a sustainable peace settlement is pursued.† (Ministry of Defence, 2011: 1.1). Such a perspectiv e indicates that the simple inclusion of additional personnel to assist NGOs is not the primary role of military forces but instead is indicative of a more political role which is intended to shape the political landscape of the affected region or state where assistance is being provided. This aspect does not sit comfortably with the principles of humanitarianism as espoused by NGOs such as the ICRC (2013). This perspective is further enforced when it is noted that the Ministry of Defence cannot rule out military action during humanitarian operations. Doctrinal papers evidence that military operations will also incorporate war fighting components as well as security duties. This was the case in Afghanistan, which was a stabilisation operation during which the UK military â€Å"had the consent of the host nation government but no other warring party (Afghanistan: Taliban 2001 – present) [†¦] A military force may decide in such situations that the defeat of a specific enemy is essential to the success of the operation.† (Ministry of Defence, 2011: 1.1). Essentially, therefore, there is a political perspective which can serve to undermine any arguments of altruism during a humanitarian operation which is supported by military efforts. Should Military led Humanitarian Interventions be justified? The UN backed military operation in Libya during its recent uprising and civil conflict was arguably mandated via humanitarian intervention based upon aid relief and assistance (United Nations, 2011). However it is arguable thatthat this particular intervention was politically motivated since it is evident that the Gaddafi regime had previously irked those states (USA, UK France) which were at the forefront of the military aspect of intervention (Boulton, 2008). The argument put forward by the trio of states sought to ensure a quick resolution to the conflict and that a perpetuation of the conflict would lead to a humanitarian crisis. Kuperman (2011) notes that Resolution, 1973 allowed for a number of additional practices by military forces. These included, for example, allowing intervening forces to stabilise the Libyan conflict, to assist the undermining of the authority of the Gaddafi regime and to help bring the conflict to a swift conclusion. To achieve this Kuperman (2011) not es that Libyan state financial and economic assets were frozen, the regime was also subjected to an arms embargo (Kuperman, 2011). It is also to be noted that the USA, France and the UK also operated outside of the mandate provided by the UN by deploying private military contractors to fight alongside insurgents seeking to overthrow the Gaddafi regime (RT News, 2012). That said, the Libyan conflict has not ended and continues to dominate local Libyan politics and society. This outcome serves only to undermine the utilitarian role of humanitarianism. It is fair to suggest that the actions by military forces were more political than humanitarian and served only to perpetuate the US led policy of regime change. This is a factor which Williamson (2011) argues has resulted in military planners utilising military force within humanitarian relief efforts and which has served only to muddy the political and societal dynamics of any affected zone. Williamson’s (2011) argument can be considered in tandem with the British military doctrine which refuses to rule out combat efforts but in relation to the post-Cold War era which has seen non-state combatants realign the battlefield to one which compares directly to a counter insurgency warzone (US Government, 2012). Legal Issues Where the Libyan case study is considered, it is worthwhile noting that, previously, Goodman (2006) had argued that there is a clear contradiction between military interventions into any state using a guise of humanitarian purposes. Goodman (2006) furthers his argument by stating that there is no legal justification for a unilateral humanitarian intervention into another country, and that it is highly unlikely that such a move will ever be likely. The rationale behind this argument is that states then have the potential to militarily intervene in other states using humanitarianism as a justification for regime change or some other ulterior motive. It is to be noted that Goodman bases his arguments upon the dynamics of recent interventions in Kosovo and Iraq as well as the refusal to intervene in the Sudan or in Rwanda (Goodman, 2006). Similarly when attempts were made to intervene militarily under the auspice of humanitarianism in Syria, this was rebuffed by the UN General Assembly s ince it was suggested that those who sought to intervene (again, the USA, UK and France) were doing so out of a political motive which involve a war fighting phase as opposed to relieving suffering on the ground, indeed a part of the proposal was to arm anti Assad militias which were aligned to the al Qaeda franchise (Benotman and Blake, 2013). The outcome of this particular policy has been the evolution of Islamic State. Conclusion In conclusion, the incorporation of a military force to benefit humanitarian operations can serve to benefit the potential for aid relief via the provision of security escorts for NGOs when operating in hostile environments. However with recent decades seeing a vast increase in the preference for military led humanitarian operations, the potential for a conflation between humanitarian principles and the advancing of political aspirations of donor states cannot be denied. This has been the case in Libya where humanitarianism was presented as a causal justification for military interventions which were mostly politically or ideologically led. With the vales of humanitarianism incorporating impartiality and neutrality it is hard to see how military forces can promote humanitarian values, particularly when their presence may result in engaging with potential belligerent forces in order to stabilise a country or region so that NGOs can conduct their own operations successfully. Essentiall y, therefore the aims of military forces (and their political masters) are vastly different from aid agencies, this serve to provide confirmation that military forces cannot promote humanitarian values, purely by virtue of their own activities and nature of their work. Bibliography Benotman, N., and Blake, R. (2013) Jabhat al-Nusra: A Strategic Briefing, London: Quilliam Foundation. Boulton, A. (2008), Memoirs of the Blair Administration: Tony’s Ten Years, London: Simon Schuster. Christoplos, I., Longley, C. and Slaymaker, T., (2004) The Changing Roles of Agricultural Rehabilitation: Linking Relief, Development and Support to Rural Livelihoods, available at http://odi.org.uk/wpp/publications_pdfs/Agricultural_rehabilitation.pdf, (accessed on 13/11/14). Dagher, S., (2014) Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria, (online), available at http://online.wsj.com/articles/kurds-fight-islamic-state-to-claim-a-piece-of-syria-1415843557, (accessed on 13/11/14). Davidson, J., (2012) Principles of Modern American Counterinsurgency: Evolution and Debate, Washington DC: Brookings Institute. Global Humanitarian Assistance, (2013) Counting the cost of humanitarian aid delivered through the military, London: Global Humanitarian Assistance. Goodman, R., (2006) Humanitarian Intervention and Pretexts for War, (J), American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100: 107 – 142. International Committee of the Red Cross, (2013) Humanitarian Values and Response to Crisis, (online), available at https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jmlz.htm, (accessed on 13/11/14). Kaldor, M., (1998) New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press. Kuperman, A., (2011) False Pretence for war in Libya, available at http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2011/04/14/false_pretense_for_war_in_libya/accessed on 13/11/14). Marjanovic, M., (2011) Is Humanitarian War the Exception?, (online), available at http://mises.org/daily/5160/Is-Humanitarian-War-the-Exception, (accessed on 13/11/14). Minear, L and Weiss, T.G., (1995) Mercy Under Fire: War and the Global Humanitarian Community, Boulder: Westview Press. Ministry of Defence, (2011) Peacekeeping: An evolving Role for the Military, London: HMSO. Pattison, M., (2010) Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility To Protect: Who Should, Oxford: Oxford University Press. RT News, (2012) Stratfor: Blackwater helps regime Change, (online), available at http://www.rt.com/news/stratfor-syria-regime-change-063/, (accessed on 13/11/14). Seybolt, T., (2007) Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure, Oxford: Oxford University Press. United Nations, (2011) Resolution 1973, (online), available at http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm#Resolution, (accessed on 13/11/14). US Government, (2012) Counter Insurgency, Virginia: Pentagon. Waxman, M., (2013) Is humanitarian military intervention against international law, or are there exceptions?, (online), available at http://www.cfr.org/international-law/humanitarian-military-intervention-against-international-law-there-exceptions/p31017, (accessed on 13/11/14). Weiss, T., (2012) Humanitarian Intervention, Cambridge: Polity Press. Williamson, J., (2011) Using humanitarian aid to ‘win hearts and minds’: a costly failure?, (J), International Committee of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, (884): 1035 – 1062. How to cite Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values?, Essay examples Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values Free Essays string(65) " belligerent forces where such a need exists \(Davidson, 2012\)\." Abstract Recent years have seen an increase in humanitarian interventions which have involved military operations. However is it feasible that the two operations, military and humanitarian are compatibleThis paper investigates whether this is the case and, to do so, assesses military force in terms of the values which underpin humanitarianism. This paper utilises a case study from the Libyan conflict to assess whether there is a politicised nature in the push for military led humanitarian operations, and examines whether there is a political undertone in the increased usage of military forces. We will write a custom essay sample on Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values? or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is argued that this undertone serves to undermine the possibility that military forces can promote humanitarian values. Introduction For several decades, humanitarian intervention has been a factor in military operations. This paper examines whether military forces can promote the values of humanitarianism during aid operations. To do so this paper will examine a number of elements and seeks to define humanitarianism. In doing so, the question of what role military forces can play is considered. This includes, for example, where military forces are deployed to affected regions or states and the role which they have been asked to conduct. This paper investigates whether the underlying aims of military forces are compatible with that of humanitarianism. This paper argues that they are not and that recent years have seen developments where military action has been wrongly justified on the grounds of humanitarian intervention. What is Humanitarianism? The concept of humanitarian intervention which utilises military force can be classed as a subjective one. Whilst some commentator’s class military led humanitarian interventions as being â€Å"the use of military force to protect foreign populations from mass atrocities or gross human rights abuses† (Waxman, 2013), others such as Marjanovic (2012) define the action as being â€Å"a state using military force against another state when the chief publicly declared aim of that military action is ending human-rights violations being perpetrated by the state against which it is directed†. Yet despite the subjectivity, there is a series of components which can be extracted from these various definitions. These components include: a form of war or conflict, the potential that non-combatants will be negatively affected by this conflict; and where human rights abuses are considered to be taking place In essence, there are a number of factors which should be present when military led humanitarian assistance is being considered. Weiss (2012: 1) argues that there is an underlying notion of a â€Å"responsibility to protect† and that this has a tendency to dominate modern geo-political thinking, but instead it is arguable that the global community can be accused of cherry picking where it seeks to intervene. Weiss had previously argued that any intervention should incorporate aspects of post conflict redevelopment programming (Minear Weiss, 1995), yet since the perpetuation of military led humanitarian interventions, he has reconsidered his perspective to argue that such actions should now constitute â€Å"activities undertaken to improve the human condition† (Weiss, 2012: 1). This latter inclusion indicates that the shift in conflict dynamics, from one which is largely based on conventional warfare to the usage of non-state actors and combatants in an asymmetric confl ict zone has been a party to Weiss’s new perspective. Where values are considered, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) (2013) argue that these incorporate aspects of humanity, impartiality, neutrality and independence. Essentially, therefore, it can be argued that where military forces are deployed to support humanitarian operations that it is essential they act according to these guiding principles. Role of the Military in Humanitarian Interventions Recent years, particularly since the end of the Cold War (Pattison, 2010), have seen military operations to support humanitarian interventions in a number of collapsed or failed states. These include, but are not limited to, Iraq, post-Gulf War One (1991 – 2003), Bosnia – Serbia (1995), Kosovo (1999), East Timor (1999) Somalia (2002), Haiti (2004), and Libya (2011) whilst other humanitarian interventions which have required military assistance can be considered to have taken place in post conflict Iraq and Afghanistan (Pattison, 2010). Weiss (2012) argues that the concept of humanitarian intervention has increased the potential for interventions into states in order to protect non-combatants from conflict. Contrary to this, the earlier reference to cherry picking provides a casing point when the political discourse which took place at the United Nations (UN) Security Council in relation to the ongoing conflict in Syria can be considered to be a case where the window of opportunity for intervention has now closed, particularly since this conflict has led to the involvement of Islamic State and the Kurdish Peshmerga (Dagher, 2014). Increase in Military led Humanitarian Operations As stated, recent decades, particularly since the end of the Cold War, have seen a rise in the numbers of ethnically charged conflicts and where humanitarian interventions have been considered as necessary (Kaldor, 1998). In a review of this era, Kaldor noted that there had been a change in the dynamics of conflict and that the underpinning issue was of a series of belligerents and combatants which were not constrained by international regulations, such as the Geneva Convention protocols, Laws of Armed Conflict or relevant United Nations Charters (Kaldor, 1998). This changed dynamics has perpetuated and has spread to a number of conflict zones around the world, but has also seen a rise in the usage of conventional forces to support non-governmental organisations (NGOs). Similarly, Christoplos, Longley, and Slaymaker (2004) also noted a changed emphasis in humanitarian aid provision during this era. They argued that the underpinning programmes have been utilised to create a tripartite system of humanitarianism which incorporates rehabilitation (for both state and society), development of state and social infrastructures and relief programmes which provide for maintaining civil society during crisis periods. This particular perspective reinforces a belief that military interventions can help NGOs deliver aid by providing security (Seybolt, 2007). Nevertheless the incorporation of military activity into this mix has also resulted in a further complication since military operations deploy to aid zones with a preposition of maintaining operational security. This includes the potential for combating belligerent forces where such a need exists (Davidson, 2012). You read "Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values?" in category "Essay examples" Stability Operations Global Humanitarian Assistance (GHA) (2013) argues that the first decade of the twenty first century has seen a near trebling of military support for NGOs in countries which have been affected by war, natural disaster or where the state infrastructure has been affected sufficiently that it is unable to assist with recovery programmes. GHA also note that peacekeeping operations have increased at a similar rate, particular in the years discussed earlier by Kaldor (1998) to the present day. UK military doctrine emphasises that any military activities which has a humanitarian focus should incorporate stability operations (Ministry of Defence, 2011). In clarifying this position, the UK Ministry of Defence added that: â€Å"The peacekeeper fulfils a mandate with the strategic consent of the main warring parties, allowing a degree of freedom to fulfil its task in an impartial manner, while a sustainable peace settlement is pursued.† (Ministry of Defence, 2011: 1.1). Such a perspectiv e indicates that the simple inclusion of additional personnel to assist NGOs is not the primary role of military forces but instead is indicative of a more political role which is intended to shape the political landscape of the affected region or state where assistance is being provided. This aspect does not sit comfortably with the principles of humanitarianism as espoused by NGOs such as the ICRC (2013). This perspective is further enforced when it is noted that the Ministry of Defence cannot rule out military action during humanitarian operations. Doctrinal papers evidence that military operations will also incorporate war fighting components as well as security duties. This was the case in Afghanistan, which was a stabilisation operation during which the UK military â€Å"had the consent of the host nation government but no other warring party (Afghanistan: Taliban 2001 – present) [†¦] A military force may decide in such situations that the defeat of a specific enemy is essential to the success of the operation.† (Ministry of Defence, 2011: 1.1). Essentially, therefore, there is a political perspective which can serve to undermine any arguments of altruism during a humanitarian operation which is supported by military efforts. Should Military led Humanitarian Interventions be justified? The UN backed military operation in Libya during its recent uprising and civil conflict was arguably mandated via humanitarian intervention based upon aid relief and assistance (United Nations, 2011). However it is arguable thatthat this particular intervention was politically motivated since it is evident that the Gaddafi regime had previously irked those states (USA, UK France) which were at the forefront of the military aspect of intervention (Boulton, 2008). The argument put forward by the trio of states sought to ensure a quick resolution to the conflict and that a perpetuation of the conflict would lead to a humanitarian crisis. Kuperman (2011) notes that Resolution, 1973 allowed for a number of additional practices by military forces. These included, for example, allowing intervening forces to stabilise the Libyan conflict, to assist the undermining of the authority of the Gaddafi regime and to help bring the conflict to a swift conclusion. To achieve this Kuperman (2011) not es that Libyan state financial and economic assets were frozen, the regime was also subjected to an arms embargo (Kuperman, 2011). It is also to be noted that the USA, France and the UK also operated outside of the mandate provided by the UN by deploying private military contractors to fight alongside insurgents seeking to overthrow the Gaddafi regime (RT News, 2012). That said, the Libyan conflict has not ended and continues to dominate local Libyan politics and society. This outcome serves only to undermine the utilitarian role of humanitarianism. It is fair to suggest that the actions by military forces were more political than humanitarian and served only to perpetuate the US led policy of regime change. This is a factor which Williamson (2011) argues has resulted in military planners utilising military force within humanitarian relief efforts and which has served only to muddy the political and societal dynamics of any affected zone. Williamson’s (2011) argument can be considered in tandem with the British military doctrine which refuses to rule out combat efforts but in relation to the post-Cold War era which has seen non-state combatants realign the battlefield to one which compares directly to a counter insurgency warzone (US Government, 2012). Legal Issues Where the Libyan case study is considered, it is worthwhile noting that, previously, Goodman (2006) had argued that there is a clear contradiction between military interventions into any state using a guise of humanitarian purposes. Goodman (2006) furthers his argument by stating that there is no legal justification for a unilateral humanitarian intervention into another country, and that it is highly unlikely that such a move will ever be likely. The rationale behind this argument is that states then have the potential to militarily intervene in other states using humanitarianism as a justification for regime change or some other ulterior motive. It is to be noted that Goodman bases his arguments upon the dynamics of recent interventions in Kosovo and Iraq as well as the refusal to intervene in the Sudan or in Rwanda (Goodman, 2006). Similarly when attempts were made to intervene militarily under the auspice of humanitarianism in Syria, this was rebuffed by the UN General Assembly s ince it was suggested that those who sought to intervene (again, the USA, UK and France) were doing so out of a political motive which involve a war fighting phase as opposed to relieving suffering on the ground, indeed a part of the proposal was to arm anti Assad militias which were aligned to the al Qaeda franchise (Benotman and Blake, 2013). The outcome of this particular policy has been the evolution of Islamic State. Conclusion In conclusion, the incorporation of a military force to benefit humanitarian operations can serve to benefit the potential for aid relief via the provision of security escorts for NGOs when operating in hostile environments. However with recent decades seeing a vast increase in the preference for military led humanitarian operations, the potential for a conflation between humanitarian principles and the advancing of political aspirations of donor states cannot be denied. This has been the case in Libya where humanitarianism was presented as a causal justification for military interventions which were mostly politically or ideologically led. With the vales of humanitarianism incorporating impartiality and neutrality it is hard to see how military forces can promote humanitarian values, particularly when their presence may result in engaging with potential belligerent forces in order to stabilise a country or region so that NGOs can conduct their own operations successfully. Essentiall y, therefore the aims of military forces (and their political masters) are vastly different from aid agencies, this serve to provide confirmation that military forces cannot promote humanitarian values, purely by virtue of their own activities and nature of their work. Bibliography Benotman, N., and Blake, R. (2013) Jabhat al-Nusra: A Strategic Briefing, London: Quilliam Foundation. Boulton, A. (2008), Memoirs of the Blair Administration: Tony’s Ten Years, London: Simon Schuster. Christoplos, I., Longley, C. and Slaymaker, T., (2004) The Changing Roles of Agricultural Rehabilitation: Linking Relief, Development and Support to Rural Livelihoods, available at http://odi.org.uk/wpp/publications_pdfs/Agricultural_rehabilitation.pdf, (accessed on 13/11/14). Dagher, S., (2014) Kurds Fight Islamic State to Claim a Piece of Syria, (online), available at http://online.wsj.com/articles/kurds-fight-islamic-state-to-claim-a-piece-of-syria-1415843557, (accessed on 13/11/14). Davidson, J., (2012) Principles of Modern American Counterinsurgency: Evolution and Debate, Washington DC: Brookings Institute. Global Humanitarian Assistance, (2013) Counting the cost of humanitarian aid delivered through the military, London: Global Humanitarian Assistance. Goodman, R., (2006) Humanitarian Intervention and Pretexts for War, (J), American Journal of International Law, Vol. 100: 107 – 142. International Committee of the Red Cross, (2013) Humanitarian Values and Response to Crisis, (online), available at https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/misc/57jmlz.htm, (accessed on 13/11/14). Kaldor, M., (1998) New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press. Kuperman, A., (2011) False Pretence for war in Libya, available at http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2011/04/14/false_pretense_for_war_in_libya/accessed on 13/11/14). Marjanovic, M., (2011) Is Humanitarian War the Exception?, (online), available at http://mises.org/daily/5160/Is-Humanitarian-War-the-Exception, (accessed on 13/11/14). Minear, L and Weiss, T.G., (1995) Mercy Under Fire: War and the Global Humanitarian Community, Boulder: Westview Press. Ministry of Defence, (2011) Peacekeeping: An evolving Role for the Military, London: HMSO. Pattison, M., (2010) Humanitarian Intervention and the Responsibility To Protect: Who Should, Oxford: Oxford University Press. RT News, (2012) Stratfor: Blackwater helps regime Change, (online), available at http://www.rt.com/news/stratfor-syria-regime-change-063/, (accessed on 13/11/14). Seybolt, T., (2007) Humanitarian Military Intervention: The Conditions for Success and Failure, Oxford: Oxford University Press. United Nations, (2011) Resolution 1973, (online), available at http://www.un.org/press/en/2011/sc10200.doc.htm#Resolution, (accessed on 13/11/14). US Government, (2012) Counter Insurgency, Virginia: Pentagon. Waxman, M., (2013) Is humanitarian military intervention against international law, or are there exceptions?, (online), available at http://www.cfr.org/international-law/humanitarian-military-intervention-against-international-law-there-exceptions/p31017, (accessed on 13/11/14). Weiss, T., (2012) Humanitarian Intervention, Cambridge: Polity Press. Williamson, J., (2011) Using humanitarian aid to ‘win hearts and minds’: a costly failure?, (J), International Committee of the Red Cross, Vol. 93, (884): 1035 – 1062. How to cite Can Military Force Promote Humanitarian Values?, Essay examples

Transaction on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems

Question: Discuss about the Transaction on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems. Answer: Introduction: The video focuses on the key aspects of strategy. David Kryscynski explained that strategy is a very broad term and the organizations must understand the differences between tactics and strategies. One of the key takeaways from the video is that strategy is not only what is to be done; but it includes the things that should not be done. In the video, author discussed the example of Ikea. The strategy of Ikea is clear in terms of both dos and donts. Ikea knows that product differentiation, clubbed with cost leadership is its core competency. At the same time, Ikea does not compete in high-end furniture, as the company knows that its segment is not high-end furniture. I agree with authors that I agree with you when you say thatorganizations that utilize resources from and are influenced by theirenvironment are practicing an open systems approach (Kryscynski, 2015). I would add that businesses thatdischarge products and services back into the environment are practicing anopen systems ap proach as well (Kryscynski, 2015). And I think that, at least to someextent, this describes all organizations (Kryscynski, 2015). In my opinion the key question is not whetherorganizations are open systems, rather it is the degree to which they are opensystems. In the video, author presented that strategy should be thought effectively before it is implemented and it is important that strategy should have a focused approach. Application of key learning: The key learning about the strategy from above video could be applied to wide variety of organizations and situations. The key learning from the above video would be particularly useful for the organizations that are confused about the type of strategies that they should use. Lets apply the key learning from the video to Amazon. The company, Amazon has its presence in almost every country of the world. In some countries, Amazon uses product differentiation strategy and in some countries, Amazon used cost leadership strategy. It is important that Amazon should use system theory of strategy development and execution while operating in different parts of the world. The suggestions made by the people in the field Open Systems Theory can create problems is sometimes usable because the systems theory describes the concepts and relationships between organizations, groups and individuals (Cummings Worley, 2009). What makes systems theory complex is having the multiple organizations within o rganization with departmental subsystems (Cummings Worley, 2009). However, when you have multiple organizations within one another it can be very difficult to have someone in management sign off on a time sensitive document. It is important that Amazon must have a clear understanding of what is to be done in various local markets and the things that should not be done in various markets. In addition to Amazon, the learning from this video could also be applied to small organizations. Lets take an example of a small retail store located in Sydney. Lets assume that it is a stand-alone store. The manager of the store can have a strategy in place to increase the profitability of the store. It can happen only when the store manager knows the basic definition of strategy. For example, getting the materials from suppliers at low cost should not be considered as a strategy for the retail store. The difference in the application of this video to Amazon and small retail store is that Amazon would have to focus the strategy on line of its vision and in the case of retail store, the strategy would be more focused on the vision as it is a small organization. Business Model Innovation In the video, author links innovation with business model. One of the keys learning from the video is that innovation is an important part of business model. In this era of globalization, the successful companies are one who have innovative business model. Schneider (2006) further acknowledges the role of leadership as an important aspect of business leaders understanding systems approaches, as well as adaptable leadership abilities. For example, therapist, social workers, teachers, and doctors, etc., provide support to people in need. This relates because people or outside sources dictate the help needed and direction of classes. Open systems are worth it as indicated above, while at the same time understanding that problems arise when too much attention and resources are focused on outside influences. In an organizational setting, the innovation could be based on open system approach. According to Anders, Schiendorfer, Siefert, Steghoffer, Reif (2015) Such systems consist of a lar ge number of heterogeneous agents that are embedded in a dynamic and potentially hostile environment. Since the agents behavior and objectives are possibly not under the control of the system designer or other agents, only few assumptions can be made about them (p. 3). This statement succinctly summarizes one problem that could arise from this type of system. It is often difficult to ensure collaboration and cooperation among diverse entities. At times, two departments or environmental agents may actually be working against each other, rather than working together for the good of the organization. When a hierarchal, closed form of control is lacking in an organization, it runs the risk of becoming too disorganized to function effectively. Application of key learning: The key learning from the above video that innovation is a key part of business model could be applied to number of business scenarios and applications. Lets apply the above learning to Google. The company, Google, is an innovative organization and we all know the focus on innovation that Google has. The entire success and development of Google depends on the way the employees of the company can bring innovation in its business operations (Visnjic, Wiengarten Neely, 2016). The leaders and management of Google always motivate its employees to think out of the box. In a gradual manner, Google is able to develop a culture of innovation. The company is able to develop the business model where innovation is the underlying core competency of organization. It is important that the company must continue its strategy of innovation led business model in different markets. For Google, innovation is a natural part of its business model. It is important that Google must continue on the same path of innovation and it must further streamline its business operations. Google is a large organization with vast eco-system. Lets also apply the concept of business model innovation to the small company like a retail store in Sydney. For that retail store, the innovation in business model would mean various means like getting the raw materials from suppliers at low cost, using Information Technology to improve business operations, etc. The application of video would suggest that the retail store must have a watch on the external or the industry factors to continuously refine its business model. The change is inevitable and the small organizations should also realize the fact that the large organizations can drive the change in the industry where they operate. References Anders, G., Schiendorfer, A., Siefert, F., Steghoffer, J, Reif, W., (2015).Cooperative resource allocation in open systems of systems.ACM Transaction on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems, 10(2), 1-44 Cummings, T. G. Worley, C. G. (2009).Organizational Development Change.Mason, OH: South-Western. Gallen, S. 2013. Business model innovation. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4ZSGQW0UMI Kryscynski, D. 2015. What is strategy. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TD7WSLeQtVw Visnjic, I., Wiengarten, F. and Neely, A., 2016. Only the brave: Product innovation, service business model innovation, and their impact on performance.Journal of Product Innovation Management,33(1), pp.36-52.

Manufacturing Materials Dental Amalgam

Question: Discuss about theManufacturing Materialsfor Dental Amalgam. Answer: Description of Dental Amalgam Dental amalgam is a component, used in dental filling. It is a mixture of four metal components; silver, mercury, tin and copper; these kinds of mixture of metals are known as metal alloy. Mercury is the chief component used in preparing dental amalgam, which makes about 50 % of the product and it is used for binding metals together, and thereby providing a strong, durable and hard filling. It is used for filling dental cavities, caused due to tooth decay. Within the alloy, mercury is 50% along with 22-32 % silver, approximately 14 % tin and around 8 % copper (Kopperud et al. 2012). The component has a 150 year proven track record as being one of the safest, least expensive a durable component used for filling a dental cavity. There are a number of alternatives of dental amalgam, but these are expensive enough to be afforded by middle class people. The dentists use amalgam as it is easier to work with amalgams to fill the teeth cavity. There are two main product types of amalgam, kno wn as low and high copper amalgams (Correa et al. 2012). High copper amalgams are used for improving mechanical properties, corrosion, resistance and marginal integrity of the product. The high copper alloy also has 2 types, admixed alloy and single composition alloy. Amalgam is tolerant to a wide range of clinical placement conditions and moderately tolerant to the moisture presence at the time of placement. Mercury can react with other metals to form a plastic mass, packed into a prepared cavity in a tooth. It becomes hard and stronger than any other dental cement. Thus, it is a better choice, compared to the other alternatives. Property Requirements for Application of Dental Amalgam Dental amalgam is used in dental filling, as a permanent filling material. Dental cavity is classified into 6 classes, including Class I to class VI. Based on the type of dental cavity, the amalgam application properties are determined. Dental amalgam is used as a permanent filling material, for class I, where carious lesions is on the occlusal areas or buccal areas or lingua pits on the tooth surface; and class II dental cavities, where carious lesion is on the posterior occlusal and inter-proximal surfaces of the tooth. It can also be applied in class V cavities, where esthetics is not important (Peng et al. 2012). The application properties requirements of the dental amalgam include microleakage, which occurs due to penetration of fluids or debris surrounding the margins, leading to secondary caries. As amalgam has a self-sealing property, it is applied for preventing microleakage. Creep is defined as time dependent plastic deformation under constant stress. ADA specification depicts that best creep should be less than 3 %. In high Cu-amalgam, creep is 04- 1%, whereas, low Cu-amalgam is 0.8- 8% (Park and Zheng 2012). Amalgam is the strongest product in compression and weaker product in shear and tension, thus, the cavity design should be prepared in such a way that can maximize the compression forces and minimize the shear forces or tension. Another property requirement for its application is dimensional change that includes contraction and expansion. Based on the ADA specification, the component should not contract or expand more than 20 u/cm between 5 minutes to 24 hours after, the triturati ng starts. Modern amalgam shows contraction, whereas older amalgams show expansion. Contraction results in micro leakage and secondary caries (Syversen and Kaurv 2012). On the other hand, expansion enhances creep, microleakae, restoration out of cavity and corrosion. The assessment of a wide range of candidate materials is as follows: Type* Ag Sn Cu An Other TL 70.9 25.8 2.4 1.0 ___ TS 72.0 26.0 1.5 0.5 ___ HCS 41.0-61.0 24.0-30.5 13.0-28.3 0-0.5 In 3.4 HCAd 62.0-69.7 15.1-18.6 12.0-22.7 0-0.9 In 10 HCL 43.0 29.0 25.0 0.3 Hg 2.7 *TL = traditional lathe cut; TS = traditional spherical; HCS = high-copper spherical; HCAd = high copper admixed; HCL = high-copper lathe cut; GA = alloy for gallium amalgam. The given table represents the compositions of amalgam alloys according Weight percentage (Bahari et al., 2016). Metal Limits prior to 1986 (conventional alloys) Current limits Silver 65 (min) 40 (min) Tin 29 (max) 32 (max) Copper 6 (max) 30 (max) Zinc 2 (max) 2 (max) Mercury 3 (max) 3 (max) The given table represents the compositional limits of the alloys of dental amalgam as specified in 1SO 1559 (Fuks 2015). Property Required value Dimensional change (%) Compressive strength (MPa) 0.1 to +0.2 at 1 hour 50 (minimum) at 24 hours 300 (minimum) Creep (%) 3.0 (maximum) The given table represents the physical and mechanical properties of dental amalgam as specified in ISO 1559 (lker et al. 2016). Comparison of Narrowed Selection of Candidate Materials The comparison will be made between high copper alloy and low copper alloy. In high copper alloy, for improving the mechanical properties, marginal integrity and resistivity towards corrosion, the addition of high copper is done (Jaber 2014). It contains two kinds of alloy namely single-composition alloy and admixed alloy (Bundy and Gettleman 2013). In single-composition alloy, the addition of only one one power is carried out for mixing it with mercury (lker et al. 2016). On the other hand, in case of admixed alloy, the addition of two powders is carried out with the different contents are blended with mercury (Fuks 2015). The low-copper dental amalgam were utilized in the past and in the present time, they have been completely substituted by the high-copper dental amalgams due to the reason that a number of unique properties has been exhibited by high-copper dental amalgam such as less creep, less corrosion and as well as discolouration, high strength and in addition to all of thes e, a minimum sensitivity to handle the variables which leads to the production of clinical results of a long term (Rathore, Singh and Pant 2012). In comparison to the low-copper dental amalgam, the restorations of high copper amalgam show smaller number of prevalence of marginal failure (lker et al. 2016). It consists 40-60% silver, 13-30% copper, 27-30% tin and only 1% zinc. It also includes palladium and Indium. Expansion is enabled by silver and it also leads to the enhancement in strength as well as resistivity towards corrosion (Jaber 2014). Contraction is enables by tin whereas the improvement of strength is carried out by Copper and in addition it also reduces corrosion as well as tarnishing and minimizes creep (lker et al. 2016). The role of zinc is to minimize the oxidation of additional alloys that are present in the metal (Rathore, Singh and Pant 2012). There is strong evidence that the amalgams that contain zinc possess a longer life in comparison to the amalgams that do not contain zinc. The reduction of creep as well as increase in the strength is carried out by Indium whereas the reduction in the rate of corrosion as well as discolouration is carried out by palladium (lker et al. 2016). Selection of Preferred Material with Explanation High-copper dental amalgam is the mostly preferred because of its number of exceptional characteristics such is it is less corrosive and reduces creep (Black and Hastings 2016). The durability of amalgam restoration is increased is high copper dental amalgam (Fuks 2015). There are different types of high copper amalgams such as: Single-composition spherical- examples: Sybraloy, Tytin and valiant. Single-composition Lathe-cut- examples: Jentalloy and Epoque. Admixture of Lathe cut with Single- Composition Spherical example: Valiant Phd. Admixture of Lathe-cut with spherical silver-copper eutectic particles- examples: contour, original D, Dispersalloy, Indisperse. As compared to the low-copper amalgams, high copper amalgams restoration exhibit lesser occurrence of marginal failure (lker et al. 2016). Higher copper is added in the alloy in order to improve the marginal integrity, mechanical properties and resistance towards oxidization (Bundy and Gettleman 2013). Now days, it is widely because of its unique properties and clinical performance. In several clinical studies, a few of the high-copper dental amalgams having a single composition, exhibit the maximum clinical durability (Bundy and Gettleman 2013). Manufacturing Process Route For preparing dental amalgams, liquid mercury is mixed with powdered alloy, consisting silver and tin. The milling or lathe cutting of cast ingot of the silver-tin alloy is done for getting the powdered alloy. For this, an annealed ingot of silver-tin alloy is put into the milling machine or a lathe and then the product is put in a cutting tool. In this way, the alloy particles are shaped irregularly (Brownawell et al. 2005). However, in an alternative way, through the mechanical or hand condensation, the liquid alloy can be condensed, which can give spherical particles in the alloy. The mixture o spherical and lathe-cut particles are used for amalgam preparation. In the next step, the alloy is mixed with mercury in the process known as trituration. Nowadays, vibratory mixers are used for preparing the unmixed amalgam, in two chambers of tiny capsule. In this capsule, the thin membrane, that separates the alloy power and liquid mercury is destroyed. Then, the capsule is placed in mec hanical mixer arm and then the mixer is vibrated for specific time for thorough mixing of the liquid and the powder. From the capsule, the mixed amalgam, having a plastic consistency is done into the cavity. At the time of trituration process, the surface layer of the silver-tin alloy suspends in the liquid mercury, causing a new phase to be formed (Agarwal et al. 2012). As a result of new solid phase formation, the plastic amalgam paste solidifies. The final product is supplied as bulk product, alloy and mercury in disposal capsule and preweighed alloy in a form of tablet/pellet along with sachet of mercury. Consideration of Environmental Impact While considering the environmental impact of using dental amalgam in dental filling, two aspects should be considered. If the mercury released by the use of amalgams impose risk to the environment and what are those impacts. In dental amalgam, the elemental mercury is being used. Mercury is used in different industrial practices including dental amalgam. Mercury from the dental amalgam ends up in atmosphere, soil, water surfaces and ground water via several routes including emission to soil and air, waste water discharge from dental practices, and cremation of burial of people, who had dental amalgams (Bundy and Gettleman 2013). The wastewater discharged from the dental clinics increases the inorganic mercury concentration in water bodies, which imposes a risk for the aquatic organisms. However, the key concern with mmercury emission in water is associated with the potential of methyl mercury, an organic form of mercury, which gets accumulated in organisms, which is known as biomagn ifications. Methylmercury is taken in a faster rate by the acquatic animals, like fishes, thereby increasing the high risk for the fish-eating animals including humans (Agarwal et al. 2012). The time for conversion to methylmercury is dependent upon the ecosystem. In addition, mercury poising from dental amalgam is also a major concern of using dental amalgams in dentistry. Dental amalgam contains mercury as the main component, which is a potent neurotoxin and it is getting biomoluculated in human body as well as in environment. It has been revealed that dentists are the third highest user of mercury. It cannot be filtered thoroughly from wastewater plants and thus it contaminates fresh water supply and expresses its toxic effects. It has been reviewed that the health of huge number of people has been compromised by the toxic effects of mercury containing dental amalgam. However, it has been claimed by Agarwal et al. (2012) that the mercury from dental amalgam is causing negative dental impact due to inefficient or poor management of the mercury related wastes. Proper collection and disposal mercury containing solid waste can prevent the retention of mercury in wastewate r and release of mercury vapor during combustion. Additionally, amalgam separating devices can be used for reducing the amount of amalgam-contaminated water, which is released from dental clinics. Microstructure of Dental Amalgam The microstructure of commercial dental amalgam is studies by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, optical metallography and X-ray dispersive spectroscopy. In the mixture of alloy powder and mercury, during trituration, silver-mercury and tin-mercury compounds are prepared. The silver-tin compound is known as gamma phase and the silver-mercury compound is known as gamma one phase, whereas the tin-mercury phase is known as gamma two phase. The set amalgam includes non-reacted gamma particles, that is surrounded by the products including gamma one and gamma two particles (lker et al. 2016). In case of high copper alloys, copper contain is more than 6%. The high copper alloys has better marginal integrity, corrosion resistant and consist of improved mechanical properties, as the weakest gamma two phase is removed from the high copper amalgam alloy mixture. In case of set amalgam, the Cu6Sn5 remains as a halo, which surrounds the Ag-Cu particles and the final set material con sists of two parts, a core, which includes the unreacted gamma phase and unreacted Ag-Cu surrounded by the halo of Cu6Sn5; and a matrix containing the gamma one phase (Fuks 2015).. Summary of Materials and Manufacturing Process The dental amalgam contains the mixture of mercury and alloy mix, containing silver and tin. The strength and effectiveness of the amalgam is dependent upon its composition and the amount of each material in the alloy. The key part in the dental amalgam component is mercury, which consist of 50% weightage of the product (Rathore, Singh and Pant 2012). The product is produced by mixing the allow powder or alloy mix with liquid mercury in specific mixer machine. The high content of copper enhances the strength of the alloy mix. The manufacturing process is done in automated machines, where in two chambers of a capsule is filled with the alloy mix and mercury and the vibration of the machine causes the reaction of mercury with the alloy particles and conversion of the reactant particles into products. Living in room temperature hardens the mixture, giving a solid structure. Reference List Agarwal, B., Singh, S., Bhansali, S. and Agarwal, S., 2012. Waste management in dental office. Indian Journal of Community Medicine, 37(3), p.201. Bahari, M., Oskoee, P.A., Oskoee, S.S., Pouralibaba, F. and Ahari, A.M., 2016. Mercury release of amalgams with various silver contents after exposure to bleaching agent.Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects,10(2), p.118. 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